IDENTIFIKASI MOLEKULER JENIS-JENIS JAMUR MIKORIZA EKTO YANG BERASOSIASI DENGAN DIPTEROKARPA DI HUTAN HUJAN TROPIKA SEKUNDER:Molecular Identification of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Species Associated with Dipterocarpa in Secondary Tropical Rain Forest
Abstract
Many types of soil born fungi associate mutually with high-level plant roots by forming mycorrhiza. While fruit body characterization was used previously, now molecular method wide used to identify ectomycorrhizal fungi when faces discontinuity fruit body presented on the floor and the important of identifying ectomycorrhizal fungi that lignning in particular association.Hence, the purpose of research is to identify the ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with dipterocarp species using moleculer method. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was conducted on DNA extract samples from root tips of dipterocarp trees and 3 (three) Shorea (S. leprosula, S. stenoptera, and S. mecistopteryx) seedlings intentionally planted under mature trees. DNA sequences were amplified using a specific primer pair of fungus and basidiomycetes ITS 1F-ITS 4B. The identity of ectomycorrhizal fungi was obtained by matching DNA sequence of the samples to Genbank database. Molecular identification resulted in 73 genotypes that belong to 13 families, i.e Thelephoraceae, Russulaceae, Clavulinaceae, Sebacinaceae, Inocyabaceae, Amanitaceae, Entolomataceae, Heliotialetaceae, Boletaceae, Cantharellales, Hymenogastraceae, Ceratobasidiceae, and Tricholomataceae. Thelephoraceae consists of 54 genotypes, Russulaceae and Sebacinaceae 13 genotypes, Clavulinaceae 6 genotypes, and the rest consist of 1-3 genotypes. Thelephoraceae is the dominant family in ectomycorrhizal jamurcommunities. Based on the results, it can be concluded that molecular method can be used to identify the real symbiont in mycorrhiza association. In addition, molecular methods can also detect the similarity of ectomycorrhizal fungi that colonizing dipterocarps, both at trees and seedlings level.
Keywords :Ectomycorrhizal fungi, Dipterocarp species, Molecular technique, Secondary tropical rain forest
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Alexander, I., Ahmad, N., & Lee, S. S. 1992. The Role of Mycorrhizas in the Regeneration of Some Malaysian Forest Trees The role of mycorrhizas in the regeneration of some Malaysian forest trees, 335(1275), 379– 388.
Bidartondo, M. I., Burghardt, B., Gebauer, G., Bruns, T. D., & Read, D. J. 2004. Changing partners in the dark : isotopic and molecular evidence of ectomycorrhizal liaisons between forest orchids and trees. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences (pp. 1799–1806). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2807.
Brearley, F. Q., Press, M. C., & Scholes, J. D. 2003. Nutrient obtained from lead litter can improve the growth of dipterocarp seedlings. New Phytologist, 160, 101– 110. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0028646x.2003.00851.x
Brundrett, M., Bougher, N., Dell, B., Grove, T., & Malajczuk, N. 1996. Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. ACIAR Monograhph. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 32(June 1982), 374. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14698137.1997.00703-7.x
Brundrett, M. C. 2009. Mycorrhizal associations and other means of nutrition of vascular plants: Understanding the global diversity of host plants by resolving conflicting information and developing reliable means of diagnosis. Plant and Soil, 320(1–2), 37–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104008-9877-9.
Dahlberg, A. 2001. Community ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungi : an advancing interdisciplinary field. New Phytologist, 150, 555–562.
Diédhiou, A. G., Selosse, M. A., Galiana, A., Diabaté, M., Dreyfus, B., Bâ, A. M., Béna, G. 2010. Multi-host ectomycorrhizal fungi are predominant in a Guinean tropical rainforest and shared between canopy trees and seedlings. Environmental Microbiology, 12(8), 2219–2232. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14622920.2010.02183.x
Fleming, L. V. 1983. Succession of mycorrhizal fungi on birch: infection of seedlings planted around mature trees. Plant and Soil, 71(1–3), 263–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02182661
Garcia, K., Delaux, P., Cope, K. R., & An, J. 2015. Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses, 79–87.
Gardes, M., & Bruns, T. D. 1996. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: above- and below-ground views. Canadian Journal of Botany, 74(May 2016), 1572–1583. https://doi.org/10.1139/b96-190
Grogan, P., Baar, J., & Bruns, T. D. 2000. Belowground ectomycorrhizal community structure in a recently burned bishop pine forest. Journal of Ecology, 88(6), 1051– 1062.
Horton, T. R., & Bruns, T. D. 2001. The molecular revolution in ectomycorrhizal ecology: Peeking into the black-box. Molecular Ecology, 10(8), 1855–1871. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01333.x
Ingleby, K., Thuy, L. T. T., Phong, N. T., & Mason, P. A. 2000. Ectomycorrhizal inoculum potential of soils from forest restoration sites in South Vietnam. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 12(2), 418– 422.
Kaewgrajang, T., Sangwanit, U., Kodama, M., & Yamato, M. 2014. Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of Dipterocarpus alatus seedlings introduced by soil inocula from a natural forest and a plantation. Journal of Forest Research, 19(2), 260–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-0130408-z
Kõljalg, U., Dahlberg, A., Taylor, A. F. S., Larsson, E., Hallenberg, N., Stenlid, J., & Jonsson, L. 2000. Diversity and abundance of resupinate thelephoroid fungi as ectomycorrhizal symbionts in Swedish boreal forests. Molecular Ecology, 9(12), 1985–1996.
Koljalg, U., Larsson, K. H., Abarenkov, K., Nilsson, R. H., Alexander, I. J., Eberhardt, U., Ursing, B. M. 2005. UNITE: A database providing web-based methods for the molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist, 166(3), 1063– 1068. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14698137.2005.01376.x
Kretzer, A. M., Luoma, D. L., Molina, R., & Spatafora, J. W. 2003. Taxonomy of the Rhizopogon vinicolor species complex based on analysis of ITS sequences and microsatellite loci. Mycologia, 95(3), 480– 487. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.20 04.11833093
Lee, L. S., Alexander, I. J., & Watling, R. 1997. Ectomycorrhizas and putative ectomycorrhizal fungi of Shorea leprosula miq. (Dipterocarpaceae). Mycorrhiza, 7(2), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s005720050165
Lee, S. S., & Alexander, I. J. 1996. The dynamics of ectomycorrhizal infection of Shorea leprosula seedlings in Malaysian rain forests. New Phytologist, 132(2), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996. tb01849.x
Lee, S. S., Patahayah, M., Chong, W. S., & Lapeyrie, F. 2008. Successful
Ectomycorrhizal Inoculation of Two Dipterocarp Species With a Locally Isolated Fungus in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 20(4), 237–247.
Lilleskov, E. A., & Bruns, T. D. 2005. Spore Dispersal of a Resupinate Ectomycorrhizal Fungus , Tomentella sublilacina , via Soil Food Webs. Mycologia, 97(4), 762–769.
Matsuda, Y., Uesugi, T., Hsu, T., & Chen, C. 2017. Mycorrhizal fungi associated with Taiwanese Pyrola morrisonensis (Ericaceae) in a naturally regenerated forest. Taiwania, 62(4), 399–406. https:// doi.org/10.6165/tai.2017.62.399.
Peay, K. G., Garbelotto, M., & Bruns, T. D. 2010. Evidence of dispersal limitation in soil microorganisms: Isolation reduces species richness on mycorrhizal tree islands. Ecology, 91(12), 3631–3640. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-2237.1
Peay, K. G., Russo, S. E., McGuire, K. L., Lim, Z., Chan, J. P., Tan, S., & Davies, S. J. 2015. Lack of host specificity leads to independent assortment of dipterocarps and ectomycorrhizal fungi across a soil fertility gradient. Ecology Letters. https:// doi.org/10.1111/ele.12459
Perry, D. A., Amaranthus, M. P., Borchers, J. G., Borchers, S. L., & Brainerd, R. E. 1989. Bootstrapping in Ecosystems. BioScience, 39(4), 230–237. https://doi. org/10.2307/1311159
Phosri, C., Polme, S., Taylor, A. F. S., Koljalg, U., Suwannasai, N., & Tedersoo, L. 2012. Diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a dry deciduous dipterocarp forest in Thailand. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(9), 2287–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-02501
Read, D. J., & Perez-Moreno, J. 2003. Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems - A journey towards relevance? New Phytologist, 157(3), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14698137.2003.00704.x
Richard, F., Millot, S., Gardes, M., & Selosse, M. A. 2005. Diversity and specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from an old-growth Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex. New Phytologist, 166(3), 1011–1023. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1469-8137.2005.01382.x
Riviere, T., Diedhiou, A. G., Diabate, M., Senthilarasu, G., Natarajan, K., Verbeken, A., Ba, A. M. 2007. Genetic diversity of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes from African and Indian tropical rain forests. Mycorrhiza, 17(5), 415–428. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00572-007-0117-6
Roy, M., Watthana, S., Stier, A., Richard, F., Vessabutr, S., & Selosse, M.-A. 2009. Two mycoheterotrophic orchids from Thailand tropical dipterocarpacean forests associate with a broad diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. BMC Biology, 7, 51. https://doi. org/10.1186/1741-7007-7-51
Simard, S. W., Beiler, K. J., Bingham, M. A., Deslippe, J. R., Philip, L. J., & Teste, F. P. 2012. Mycorrhizal networks: Mechanisms, ecology and modelling. Fungal Biology Reviews, 26(1), 39–60. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fbr.2012.01.001
Sirikantaramas, S., Sugioka, N., Lee, S. S., Mohamed, L. A., Lee, H. S., & Szmidt,
A. E. 2003. Molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with. Tropics, 13.
Smits, W. T. M. 1983. Dipterocarps and Mycorrhiza: An ecological adaptation and a factor in forest regeneration. Flora Malesiana Bulletin, 36, 3926–3937.
Smits, W. T. M. 1994. Dipterocarpaceae: mycorrhizae and regeneration. Tropenbos Foundation. Retrieved from http://www. cabdirect.org/abstracts/19946797862.html
Tata, M. 2008. Mycorrhizae on dipterocarps in rubber agroforests (RAF) in Sumatra. University of Utrecht. Retrieved from http://igitur-archive.library.uu.nl/ dissertations/2008-1203-201249/ UUindex.html
Taylor, D.L., Bruns, T. D. 1999. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest : minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities. Molecular Ecology, 8, 1837–1850.
Tedersoo, L., Bahram, M., Ryberg, M., Otsing, E., Kõljalg, U., & Abarenkov, K. 2014. Global biogeography of the ectomycorrhizal /sebacina lineage (Fungi, Sebacinales) as revealed from comparative phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Ecology, 23(16), 4168–4183. https://doi. org/10.1111/mec.12849
Tedersoo, L., May, T. W., & Smith, M. E. 2010. Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: Global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza, 20(4), 217–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572009-0274-x
Tedersoo, L., Sadam, A., Zambrano, M., Valencia, R., & Bahram, M. 2010. Low diversity and high host preference of ectomycorrhizal fungi in western Amazonia, a neotropical biodiversity hotspot. The ISME Journal, 4(4), 465–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.131
Teste, F. P., Simard, S. W., & Durall, D. M. 2009. Role of mycorrhizal networks and tree proximity in ectomycorrhizal colonization of planted seedlings. Fungal Ecology, 2(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. funeco.2008.11.003
Watling, R., & Lee, L. S. 1995. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with members of the dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia-I. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 7(4)
Watling, R., Lee, S. S., & Turnbull, E. 2002. Tropical Mycology Volume 1, Macromycetes: The Occurrence and Distribution of 3 Putative Ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes in a Regenerating Southeast Asian Rainforest (1st ed.).
Yasman, I. 1995. Dipterocarpaceae : TreeMycorrhizae-Seedling Connections.
Yuwa-Amornpitak, T., Vichitsoonthonkul, T., Tanticharoen, M., Cheevadhanarak, S., & Ratchadawong, S. 2006. Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi on dipterocarpaceae in Thailand. Journal of Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3923/ jbs.2006.1059.1064
Editorial Office:
Department of Forestry
Faculty of Forestry, Stiper Agricultural University
Jalan Nangka II, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta
Phone (0274) 885478, 885479, 855580